Volume 4, Issue 1 (1-2026)  

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XML The Effects of Physical Exercise and Coffee Consumption on Brain Health
P. 1-9
Carlos Vasconcelos , Nasrollah Moradikor *
Abstract (2520 Views)   |   Graphical Abstract   |   Reseach Highlights
Graphical Abstract:

Reseach Highlights:
  • Physical activity enhances problem-solving, working memory, and cognitive flexibility.
  • Physical activity increases BDNF, which helps grow and maintain brain cells.
  • Drinking coffee is associated with a reduced risk of neurodegenerative diseases.
  • Caffeine blocks adenosine receptors in the brain and stops feelings of fatigue.
  • Combining caffeine with physical activity can synergistically improve cognitive function.


XML Comparative Outcomes of Deep Brain Stimulation Combined with Medical Therapy and Medical Therapy Alone in Parkinson’s Disease: A Literature Review
P. 10-25
Marwan Jaber * , Raksha Anand , Zeynep Korkut , Sarah Husain , Mane Mkrtchyan
Abstract (2383 Views)   |   Graphical Abstract   |   Reseach Highlights
Graphical Abstract:

Reseach Highlights:
  • Deep brain stimulation combined with medical therapy imrproved quality of life than medication alone.
  • Earlier intervention improved 2-year outcomes but increased 11-year motor complications.
  • STN and GPi stimulation yielded comparable motor improvements but differed in secondary outcomes.
  • While deep brain stimulation carries notable surgical risks, clinical benefits outweight them in carefully selected patients.


XML Neuroimmune Interactions in Brain Tumors: A Narrative Review of Microglia and Tumor Microenvironment as Modulators of Progression and Therapy
P. 26-40
Parvin Mozafari , Ragd Khalid Hassan Babiker , Tinatin Jojua * , Daviti Jishkariani , Mohammad Hassan Bagheri
Abstract (2409 Views)   |   Graphical Abstract   |   Reseach Highlights
Graphical Abstract:

Reseach Highlights:
  •  
  • Discover the mechanisms by which microglia regulate neuroimmune interactions that contribute to gliomas progression and resistance to therapy.
  •  Identify microglial polarization as a key factor in angiogenesis, invasion and immune suppression.
  • Show that tumor-derived signals induce a pro-tumor phenotype in microglia in the tumor microenvironment.
  • Discuss the value of microglia as target for effective therapeutic interventions and potential therapeutic approach to drug resistance.
  • Highlight spatial and molecular immune heterogeneity as a basis for precision neuro-oncology therapy.
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XML The Multifaceted Relationship Between Metformin and sleep Architecture: Current Evidence and Future Direction
P. 41-65
Farnaz Norouziyan , Adeel Ahmed Abbasi *
Abstract (2519 Views)   |   Graphical Abstract   |   Reseach Highlights
Graphical Abstract:

Reseach Highlights:
  • Metformin may modulate sleep through glucose metabolism and AMPK circadian pathways.
  • Rodent studies show metformin increases slow-wave sleep, suggesting restorative potential.
  • Human evidence remains conflicting regarding metformin's effects on sleep architecture.
  • Nocturnal hypoglycemia reduction may indirectly improve sleep quality in diabetics.
  • Long-term, dose-dependent studies are needed to clarify metformin's sleep role.


XML Cortical Reorganization Following Peripheral Nerve Transfers: Surgical Timing, Functional Recovery, and Neural Plasticity
P. 66-80
Arjun Jay Prakash * , Mariam Narsia , Nino Gagvishvili , Vakhtang Lazrishvili , David Canik , Muath Hussain
Abstract (2354 Views)   |   Graphical Abstract
Graphical Abstract:


XML Effect of Structured Sleep Hygiene Education on Insomnia Severity and Anxiety Levels in Adults with Co-Occurring Insomnia and Anxiety: A Narrative Review of Controlled Studies
P. 81-100
Parvin Mozafari * , Ahmed Mohamadein , Rahul Rabindar , Kashish Mann
Abstract (2446 Views)   |   Graphical Abstract   |   Reseach Highlights
Graphical Abstract:

Reseach Highlights:
  • Sleep hygiene education is an effective intervention to decrease the severity of insomnia in adults with comorbid anxiety.
  • Show the effectiveness of sleep hygiene interventions in reducing anxiety symptoms in structured studies.
  • To confirm that clinically significant change occurs 4-8 weeks after intervention.
  • Emphasize the percentage above 70% in adherence, which reflects the potential of sleep hygiene education in clinical practice.
  • Assess structured education on sleep hygiene as a feasible first-line behavior therapy in limited resource setting.


XML Building the Brain: Neurobiological and Cognitive Benefits of Physical Activity
P. 101-130
Adeel Ahmed Abbasi , Nasrollah Moradikor *
Abstract (2496 Views)   |   Graphical Abstract   |   Reseach Highlights
Graphical Abstract:

Reseach Highlights:
  • Physical activity enhances BDNF, supporting neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity across the lifespan.
  • Exercise improves brain circulation while reducing oxidative damage and inflammation.
  • Regular activity increases hippocampal volume and white matter tract integrity.
  • Exercise-induced changes improve attention, executive function, and processing speed.
  • Physical activity is low-cost strategy for cognitive health across all ages.


XML Investigating the Role of Mushroom Bodies in the Formation and Consolidation of Long-Term Olfactory Memory in the Honey Bee (Apis mellifera)
P. 131-140
Ebrahim Babakhani *
Abstract (534 Views)   |   Graphical Abstract   |   Reseach Highlights
Graphical Abstract:

Reseach Highlights:
  • Olfactory conditioning induced robust long-term memory in honey bees.
  • Memory retention was evident 24 h after olfactory conditioning.
  • AmCREB expression increased following olfactory learning.
  • AmCaMKII and AmNmdar1 expression increased after conditioning.
  • Molecular plasticity may contribute to long-term olfactory memory formation.


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