en Cognitive Neuroscience Cognitive Neuroscience Review Article <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height:2;"><span style="font-family:Tahoma;"><span style="font-size:14px;"><span lang="EN-GB">The brain architecture, once thought to be dominated by neurons, has revealed an equally compelling role played by neuroglia. Initially perceived as merely supportive entities, glial cells have emerged as crucial contributors to brain functionality and integrity. This review highlights the pivotal roles of principal CNS neuroglial cells astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes in shaping synaptic plasticity, cognition, and behavior. It then highlights their critical role in the pathology of cognitive and behavioral disorders and sheds light on novel glial cell-targeting interventions for treating such conditions. This review expands our comprehension of brain function and stresses the critical importance of glial cells in future neurological and psychiatric research and treatment strategies. The emphasis on glial cells opens up new pharmacological frontiers, offering hope for more effective remedies for neurological and psychiatric conditions where current treatments have limited success.</span></span></span></span></p> Neuroglia, Astrocytes, Microglia, Oligodendrocytes, Neurodegenerative disorders, Neurodevelopmental disorders, Neuropsychiatric disorders, Cognition, Behavior 25 45 http://neuroupdates.de/browse.php?a_code=A-10-1-48&slc_lang=en&sid=1 Hawraa Tofaili 1003194753284600366 1003194753284600366 No Lebanese University, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Beirut, Lebanon Asmaa Al-Masri 1003194753284600367 1003194753284600367 No Lebanese University, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Beirut, Lebanon Lama Faour 1003194753284600368 1003194753284600368 No Lebanese American University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Beirut, Lebanon Nourhan Kanso 1003194753284600369 1003194753284600369 No Medical Learning Skills Academy, Beirut, Lebanon Maher Jammoul 1003194753284600370 1003194753284600370 No Lebanese University, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Beirut, Lebanon Ahmad Al-Moughrabi 1003194753284600371 1003194753284600371 No Lebanese University, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Beirut, Lebanon Alaa Younes 1003194753284600372 1003194753284600372 No Lebanese University, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Beirut, Lebanon Ragheb Al Mokdad 1003194753284600373 1003194753284600373 No Lebanese University, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Beirut, Lebanon Rim Karaki 1003194753284600374 1003194753284600374 No Lebanese University, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Beirut, Lebanon Aya Zaraket 1003194753284600375 1003194753284600375 No Lebanese University, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Beirut, Lebanon Jamil Nasrallah nasralajamil@gmail.com 1003194753284600376 0009-0008-2651-9827 Yes Lebanese University, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Beirut, Lebanon