Volume 2, Issue 1 (1-2024)                   Neuroscience Updates 2024, 2(1): 67-98 | Back to browse issues page


XML Print


Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:

Abdallnasser Amen R, Atef Essmat R, Mohamed Atallah E. Breaking Down Under Stress: Exploring the Impact of Stress on the Brain and Neurodegenerative Disorders. Neuroscience Updates 2024; 2 (1) :67-98
URL: http://neuroupdates.de/article-1-114-en.html
1- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Egypt
2- Faculty of Pharmacy, Modern University for Information and Technology, Egypt
3- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Egypt
Abstract:   (8419 Views)
This review shows challenges neurological pathologies of various disorders inducing migraine, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, and Huntington's diseases caused by stress. Long-lasting stress triggers a series of biochemical reactions that cause the degeneration of neurons and causing long-lasting cognitive impairment. The most cause of neurological disorders are oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. In the case of Alzheimer's disease, stress can exacerbate Alzheimer's pathology by enhancing tau protein to be phosphorylated and triggering the misfolding of amyloid-beta protein. Stress in Parkinson’s disease is a leading factor in alpha-synuclein aggregation and the subsequent death of dopaminergic neurons. A variety of therapeutic strategies aimed at mitigating these stress-related pathways are under investigation as anti-inflammatory strategies, antioxidant therapies, and agents supporting mitochondrial function. The review outlines neuroprotective effects of lifestyle interventions: cognitive behavioral therapy, regular physical exercise, and diet-related approaches. current research underlines the need for comprehensive therapeutic approaches targeting stress-related mechanisms in attempts to delay the causes of neurodegenerative diseases and improve patient health.
Full-Text [PDF 1156 kb]   (3286 Downloads)    
Type of Study: Review Article | Subject: Neurodegenerative Disease
Received: 2024/09/5 | Accepted: 2024/11/20 | Published: 2024/12/10

References
1. Teleanu, D. M., Niculescu, A. G., Lungu, I. I., Radu, C. I., Vladâcenco, O., Roza, E., & Teleanu, R. I. (2022). An overview of oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and neurodegenerative diseases. International journal of molecular sciences, 23(11), 5938. [DOI:10.3390/ijms23115938] [PMID] [PMCID]
2. Gilgun-Sherki, Y., Melamed, E., & Offen, D. (2001). Oxidative stress induced-neurodegenerative diseases: the need for antioxidants that penetrate the blood brain barrier. Neuropharmacology, 40(8), 959-975. [DOI:10.1016/S0028-3908(01)00019-3] [PMID]
3. Shacham, T., Sharma, N., & Lederkremer, G. Z. (2019). Protein misfolding and ER stress in Huntington's disease. Frontiers in molecular biosciences, 6, 20. [DOI:10.3389/fmolb.2019.00020] [PMID] [PMCID]
4. Kovarik, Z., Moshitzky, G., Maček Hrvat, N., & Soreq, H. (2024). Recent advances in cholinergic mechanisms as reactions to toxicity, stress, and neuroimmune insults. Journal of neurochemistry, 168(4), 355-369. [DOI:10.1111/jnc.15887] [PMID]
5. Pyatha, S., Kim, H., Lee, D., & Kim, K. (2022). Association between heavy metal exposure and Parkinson's disease: a review of the mechanisms related to oxidative stress. Antioxidants, 11(12), 2467. [DOI:10.3390/antiox11122467] [PMID] [PMCID]
6. Hassamal, S. (2023). Chronic stress, neuroinflammation, and depression: an overview of pathophysiological mechanisms and emerging anti-inflammatories. Frontiers in psychiatry, 14, 1130989. [DOI:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1130989] [PMID] [PMCID]
7. Li, J., Tong, L., Schock, B. C., & Ji, L. L. (2023). Post-traumatic stress disorder: focus on neuroinflammation. Molecular Neurobiology, 60(7), 3963-3978. [DOI:10.1007/s12035-023-03320-z] [PMID]
8. Zeng, J., Lu, Y., Chu, H., Lu, L., Chen, Y., Ji, K., ... & Wang, S. (2024). Research trends and frontier hotspots of TRPV1 based on bibliometric and visualization analyses. Heliyon. [DOI:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24153]
9. Jurcău, M. C., Andronie-Cioara, F. L., Jurcău, A., Marcu, F., Ţiț, D. M., Pașcalău, N., & Nistor-Cseppentö, D. C. (2022). The link between oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and neuroinflammation in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease: therapeutic implications and future perspectives. Antioxidants, 11(11), 2167. [DOI:10.3390/antiox11112167] [PMID] [PMCID]
10. Amidfar, M., de Oliveira, J., Kucharska, E., Budni, J., & Kim, Y. K. (2020). The role of CREB and BDNF in neurobiology and treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Life sciences, 257, 118020. [DOI:10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118020] [PMID]
11. Kisby, G. E., Wilson III, D. M., & Spencer, P. S. (2024). Introducing the Role of Genotoxicity in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Neuropsychiatric Disorders. International journal of molecular sciences, 25(13), 7221. [DOI:10.3390/ijms25137221] [PMID] [PMCID]
12. Clemente-Suárez, V. J., Redondo-Flórez, L., Beltrán-Velasco, A. I., Ramos-Campo, D. J., Belinchón-deMiguel, P., Martinez-Guardado, I., ... & Tornero-Aguilera, J. F. (2023). Mitochondria and brain disease: a comprehensive review of pathological mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities. Biomedicines, 11(9), 2488. [DOI:10.3390/biomedicines11092488] [PMID] [PMCID]
13. Takahashi, S., & Mashima, K. (2022). Neuroprotection and disease modification by astrocytes and microglia in Parkinson disease. Antioxidants, 11(1), 170. [DOI:10.3390/antiox11010170] [PMID] [PMCID]
14. Ji, N., Lei, M., Chen, Y., Tian, S., Li, C., & Zhang, B. (2023). How oxidative stress induces depression?. ASN neuro, 15, 17590914231181037. [DOI:10.1177/17590914231181037] [PMID] [PMCID]
15. Tchekalarova, J., & Tzoneva, R. (2023). Oxidative stress and aging as risk factors for Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease: the role of the antioxidant melatonin. International journal of molecular sciences, 24(3), 3022. [DOI:10.3390/ijms24033022] [PMID] [PMCID]
16. Zhang, S., Hu, J., Liu, G., Wu, H., Li, M., Shi, C., ... & Li, W. (2022). Chronic clomipramine treatment increases hippocampal volume in rats exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress. Translational Psychiatry, 12(1), 245. [DOI:10.1038/s41398-022-02006-9] [PMID] [PMCID]
17. Xia, Z. D., Ma, R. X., Wen, J. F., Zhai, Y. F., Wang, Y. Q., Wang, F. Y., & Zheng, X. H. (2023). Pathogenesis, Animal Models, and Drug Discovery of Alzheimer's Disease. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, (Preprint), 1-37. [DOI:10.3233/JAD-230326] [PMID]
18. Yu, Y., Chen, R., Mao, K., Deng, M., & Li, Z. (2024). The Role of Glial Cells in Synaptic Dysfunction: Insights into Alzheimer's Disease Mechanisms. Aging and Disease, 15(2), 459. [DOI:10.14336/AD.2023.0718] [PMID]
19. Reynolds, A., Laurie, C., Mosley, R. L., & Gendelman, H. E. (2007). Oxidative stress and the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. International review of neurobiology, 82, 297-325. [DOI:10.1016/S0074-7742(07)82016-2] [PMID]
20. Zhang, Y., Yang, Y., Li, H., Feng, Q., Ge, W., & Xu, X. (2024). Investigating the potential mechanisms and therapeutic targets of inflammatory cytokines in post-stroke depression. Molecular Neurobiology, 61(1), 132-147. [DOI:10.1007/s12035-023-03563-w] [PMID]
21. Bisht, K., Sharma, K., & Tremblay, M. È. (2018). Chronic stress as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease: roles of microglia-mediated synaptic remodeling, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Neurobiology of stress, 9, 9-21. [DOI:10.1016/j.ynstr.2018.05.003] [PMID] [PMCID]
22. Weber, J. T. (2004). Calcium homeostasis following traumatic neuronal injury. Current neurovascular research, 1(2), 151-171. [DOI:10.2174/1567202043480134] [PMID]
23. Guo, L., Tian, J., & Du, H. (2017). Mitochondrial dysfunction and synaptic transmission failure in Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 57(4), 1071-1086. [DOI:10.3233/JAD-160702] [PMID] [PMCID]
24. Jha, S. K., Jha, N. K., Kumar, D., Ambasta, R. K., & Kumar, P. (2017). Linking mitochondrial dysfunction, metabolic syndrome and stress signaling in Neurodegeneration. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Molecular Basis of Disease, 1863(5), 1132-1146. [DOI:10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.06.015] [PMID]
25. Amiri, Bita, Maryam Yazdani Tabrizi, Mahdyieh Naziri, Farzaneh Moradi, Mohammadreza Arzaghi, Iman Archin, Fatemeh Behaein et al. "Neuroprotective effects of Flavonoids: Endoplasmic reticulum as the target." Frontiers in Neuroscience 18 (2024): 1348151. [DOI:10.3389/fnins.2024.1348151] [PMID] [PMCID]
26. Hassan, Syed Shams ul, Saptadip Samanta, Raju Dash, Tomasz M. Karpiński, Emran Habibi, Abdul Sadiq, Amirhossein Ahmadi, and Simona Bungau. "The neuroprotective effects of fisetin, a natural flavonoid in neurodegenerative diseases: Focus on the role of oxidative stress." Frontiers in Pharmacology 13 (2022): 1015835. [DOI:10.3389/fphar.2022.1015835] [PMID]
27. Jurcau, A. (2021). Insights into the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases: Focus on mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. International journal of molecular sciences, 22(21), 11847. [DOI:10.3390/ijms222111847] [PMID] [PMCID]
28. Stone, D. K., Reynolds, A. D., Mosley, R. L., & Gendelman, H. E. (2009). Innate and adaptive immunity for the pathobiology of Parkinson's disease. Antioxidants & redox signaling, 11(9), 2151-2166. [DOI:10.1089/ars.2009.2460] [PMID] [PMCID]
29. San-Millán, I. (2023). The key role of mitochondrial function in health and disease. Antioxidants, 12(4), 782. [DOI:10.3390/antiox12040782] [PMID] [PMCID]
30. Babbar, M., & Sheikh, M. S. (2013). Metabolic stress and disorders related to alterations in mitochondrial fission or fusion. Molecular and cellular pharmacology, 5(3), 109.
31. Mehan, S., Kaur, G., Dudi, R., Rajput, M., & Kalra, S. (2017). Restoration of mitochondrial dysfunction in 6-hydroxydopamine induced Parkinson's disease: a complete review. Open Journal of Parkinson's Disease and Treatment, 1(1), 001-026. [DOI:10.17352/ojpdt.000001]
32. Liu, L., Wu, J., Zhang, C., Cao, T., Lu, Y., He, Z., & Li, Z. (2024). Inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress attenuates morphine protracted abstinence-induced anxiety-like behaviors in the male mice. Brain Research, 1835, 148930. [DOI:10.1016/j.brainres.2024.148930] [PMID]
33. Milisav, I., Šuput, D., & Ribarič, S. (2015). Unfolded protein response and macroautophagy in Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and prion diseases. Molecules, 20(12), 22718-22756. [DOI:10.3390/molecules201219865] [PMID] [PMCID]
34. Cui, X., Zhang, Y., Lu, Y., & Xiang, M. (2022). ROS and endoplasmic reticulum stress in pulmonary disease. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 13, 879204. [DOI:10.3389/fphar.2022.879204] [PMID] [PMCID]
35. Kam, M. K., Kim, B., Lee, D. G., Lee, H. J., Park, Y. H., & Lee, D. S. (2022). Amyloid beta oligomers-induced parkin aggravates ER stress-mediated cell death through a positive feedback loop. Neurochemistry International, 155, 105312. [DOI:10.1016/j.neuint.2022.105312] [PMID]
36. Wolozin, B. (2012). Regulated protein aggregation: stress granules and neurodegeneration. Molecular neurodegeneration, 7, 1-12. [DOI:10.1186/1750-1326-7-56] [PMID] [PMCID]
37. Dou, Y., & Zhao, D. (2022). Targeting Emerging Pathogenic Mechanisms by Natural Molecules as Potential Therapeutics for Neurodegenerative Diseases. Pharmaceutics, 14(11), 2287. [DOI:10.3390/pharmaceutics14112287] [PMID] [PMCID]
38. Wodrich, A. P., Scott, A. W., Shukla, A. K., Harris, B. T., & Giniger, E. (2022). The unfolded protein responses in health, aging, and neurodegeneration: recent advances and future considerations. Frontiers in molecular neuroscience, 15, 831116. [DOI:10.3389/fnmol.2022.831116] [PMID] [PMCID]
39. Milicic, L., Porter, T., Vacher, M., & Laws, S. M. (2023). Utility of DNA Methylation as a Biomarker in Aging and Alzheimer's Disease. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease Reports, 7(1), 475-503. [DOI:10.3233/ADR-220109] [PMID] [PMCID]
40. Brembati, V., Faustini, G., Longhena, F., & Bellucci, A. (2023). Alpha synuclein post translational modifications: potential targets for Parkinson's disease therapy? Frontiers in molecular neuroscience, 16, 1197853. [DOI:10.3389/fnmol.2023.1197853] [PMID] [PMCID]
41. Moore, B. D. (2015). Transcriptional regulation of the endoplasmic reticulum in dedicated secretory cells. Washington University in St. Louis.
42. Cui, Q., Liu, Z., & Bai, G. (2024). Friend or foe: The role of stress granule in neurodegenerative disease. Neuron. [DOI:10.1016/j.neuron.2024.04.025] [PMCID]
43. A. Armstrong, R. (2019). Risk Factors for Alzheimer's Disease. Folia Neuropathologica, 57(2), 87-105. [DOI:10.5114/fn.2019.85929] [PMID]
44. Henderson, A. S. (1988). The risk factors for Alzheimer's disease: a review and a hypothesis. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 78(3), 257-275. [DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1988.tb06336.x] [PMID]
45. Pedersen, W. (2001). Impact of aging on stress-responsive neuroendocrine systems. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development, 122(9), 963-983. [DOI:10.1016/S0047-6374(01)00250-0] [PMID]
46. Du, X., & Pang, T. Y. (2015a, February 16). Is dysregulation of the hpa-axis a core pathophysiology mediating co-morbid depression in neurodegenerative diseases? Frontiers. [DOI:10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00032] [PMID] [PMCID]
47. Michael Caudle, W. (2016). This can't be stressed enough: The contribution of select environmental toxicants to disruption of the stress circuitry and response. Physiology & Behavior, 166, 65-75. [DOI:10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.09.021] [PMID] [PMCID]
48. Justice, N. J. (2018). The relationship between stress and Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiology of Stress, 8(1), 127-133. [DOI:10.1016/j.ynstr.2018.04.002] [PMID] [PMCID]
49. Ray, B., Gaskins, D. L., Sajdyk, T. J., Spence, J. P., Fitz, S. D., Shekhar, A., & Lahiri, D. K. (2011). Restraint stress and repeated corticotrophin-releasing factor receptor activation in the amygdala both increase amyloid-β precursor protein and amyloid-β peptide but have divergent effects on brain-derived neurotrophic factor and pre-synaptic proteins in the prefrontal cortex of rats. Neuroscience, 184, 139-150. [DOI:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.03.067] [PMID] [PMCID]
50. Briones, A., Gagno, S., Martisova, E., Dobarro, M., Aisa, B., Solas, M., Tordera, R., & Ramírez, M. (2012). Stress-induced anhedonia is associated with an increase in Alzheimer's disease-related markers. British Journal of Pharmacology, 165(4), 897-907. [DOI:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01602.x] [PMID] [PMCID]
51. Justice, N. J., Huang, L., Tian, J.-B. ., Cole, A., Pruski, M., Hunt, A. J., Flores, R., Zhu, M. X., Arenkiel, B. R., & Zheng, H. (2015). Posttraumatic Stress Disorder-Like Induction Elevates -Amyloid Levels, Which Directly Activates Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Neurons to Exacerbate Stress Responses. Journal of Neuroscience, 35(6), 2612-2623. [DOI:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3333-14.2015] [PMID] [PMCID]
52. Lesuis, S. L., Maurin, H., Borghgraef, P., Lucassen, P. J., Fred Van Leuven, & Krugers, H. J. (2016). Positive and negative early life experiences differentially modulate long term survival and amyloid protein levels in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Oncotarget, 7(26), 39118-39135. [DOI:10.18632/oncotarget.9776] [PMID] [PMCID]
53. Green, K. N. (2006). Glucocorticoids Increase Amyloid-beta and Tau Pathology in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Journal of Neuroscience, 26(35), 9047-9056. [DOI:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2797-06.2006] [PMID] [PMCID]
54. Sotiropoulos, I., Catania, C., Pinto, L. G., Silva, R., Pollerberg, G. E., Takashima, A., Sousa, N., & Almeida, O. F. X. (2011). Stress Acts Cumulatively to Precipitate Alzheimer's Disease-Like Tau Pathology and Cognitive Deficits. Journal of Neuroscience, 31(21), 7840-7847. [DOI:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0730-11.2011] [PMID] [PMCID]
55. Smith, L. K., Jadavji, N. M., Colwell, K. L., Katrina Perehudoff, S., & Metz, G. A. (2008). Stress accelerates neural degeneration and exaggerates motor symptoms in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. European Journal of Neuroscience, 27(8), 2133-2146. [DOI:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06177.x] [PMID] [PMCID]
56. Rasheed, N., Ahmad, A., Pandey, C. P., Chaturvedi, R. K., Lohani, M., & Palit, G. (2009). Differential Response of Central Dopaminergic System in Acute and Chronic Unpredictable Stress Models in Rats. Neurochemical Research, 35(1), 22-32. [DOI:10.1007/s11064-009-0026-5] [PMID]
57. Wu, Q., Yang, X., Zhang, Y., Zhang, L., & Feng, L. (2016). Chronic mild stress accelerates the progression of Parkinson's disease in A53T α-synuclein transgenic mice. 285, 61-71. [DOI:10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.09.004] [PMID]
58. Kim, S. R., Kim, J. Y., Kim, H. K., Lim, K. E., Kim, M. S., & Chung, S. J. (2017). Association among type D personality, non-motor symptoms, and quality of life in Parkinson's disease: A cross-sectional study. Geriatric Nursing, 38(5), 431-436. [DOI:10.1016/j.gerinurse.2017.02.006] [PMID]
59. Gerhard, A., Pavese, N., Hotton, G., Turkheimer, F., Es, M., Hammers, A., Eggert, K., Oertel, W., Banati, R. B., & Brooks, D. J. (2006). In vivo imaging of microglial activation with [11C](R)-PK11195 PET in idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Neurobiology of Disease, 21(2), 404-412. [DOI:10.1016/j.nbd.2005.08.002] [PMID] [PMCID]
60. Depino, A. M., Earl, C., Kaczmarczyk, E., Ferrari, C., Besedovsky, H., del Rey, A., Pitossi, F. J., & Oertel, W. H. (2003). Microglial activation with atypical proinflammatory cytokine expression in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. European Journal of Neuroscience, 18(10), 2731-2742. [DOI:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2003.03014.x] [PMID]
61. Kim, S. T., Choi, J. H., Chang, J. W., Kim, S. W., & Hwang, O. (2005). Immobilization stress causes increases in tetrahydrobiopterin, dopamine, and neuromelanin and oxidative damage in the nigrostriatal system. Journal of Neurochemistry, 95(1), 89-98. [DOI:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03342.x] [PMID]
62. Tobón-Velasco, J. C., Limón-Pacheco, J. H., Orozco-Ibarra, M., Macías-Silva, M., Vázquez-Victorio, G., Cuevas, E., Ali, S. F., Cuadrado, A., José Pedraza-Chaverri, & Santamaría, A. (2013). RETRACTED: 6-OHDA-induced apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction are mediated by early modulation of intracellular signals and interaction of Nrf2 and NF-κB factors. Toxicology, 304, 109-119. [DOI:10.1016/j.tox.2012.12.011] [PMID]
63. Teismann, P., Tieu, K., Choi, D.-K. ., Wu, D.-C. ., Naini, A., Hunot, S., Vila, M., Jackson-Lewis, V., & Przedborski, S. (2003). Cyclooxygenase-2 is instrumental in Parkinson's disease neurodegeneration. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 100(9), 5473-5478. [DOI:10.1073/pnas.0837397100] [PMID] [PMCID]
64. Lin, T.-K., Cheng, C.-H., Chen, S.-D., Liou, C.-W., Huang, C.-R., & Chuang, Y.-C. (2012). Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress Promote Apoptotic Cell Death in the Striatum via Cytochrome c/ Caspase-3 Signaling Cascade Following Chronic Rotenone Intoxication in Rats. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 13(7), 8722-8739. [DOI:10.3390/ijms13078722] [PMID] [PMCID]
65. Lucca, G., Comim, C. M., Valvassori, S. S., Réus, G. Z., Vuolo, F., Petronilho, F., Dal-Pizzol, F., Gavioli, E. C., & Quevedo, J. (2009). Effects of chronic mild stress on the oxidative parameters in the rat brain. Neurochemistry International, 54(5-6), 358-362. [DOI:10.1016/j.neuint.2009.01.001] [PMID]
66. Goldstein, D. (2011). Stress, allostatic load, catecholamines, and other neurotransmitters in neurodegenerative diseases. Endocrine Regulations, 45(2), 91-98. [DOI:10.4149/endo_2011_02_91] [PMID] [PMCID]
67. Dufour, B. D., & McBride, J. L. (2016). Corticosterone dysregulation exacerbates disease progression in the R6/2 transgenic mouse model of Huntington's disease. Experimental Neurology, 283, 308-317. [DOI:10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.06.028] [PMID] [PMCID]
68. Scarpa, J. R., Jiang, P., Bojan Losic, Readhead, B., Gao, V. D., Dudley, J. T., Vitaterna, M. H., Turek, F. W., & Kasarskis, A. (2016). Systems Genetic Analyses Highlight a TGFβ-FOXO3 Dependent Striatal Astrocyte Network Conserved across Species and Associated with Stress, Sleep, and Huntington's Disease. PLOS Genetics, 12(7), e1006137-e1006137. [DOI:10.1371/journal.pgen.1006137] [PMID] [PMCID]
69. Mo, C., Renoir, T., & Hannan, A. J. (2014). Effects of chronic stress on the onset and progression of Huntington's disease in transgenic mice. Neurobiology of Disease, 71, 81-94. [DOI:10.1016/j.nbd.2014.07.008] [PMID]
70. Al-Chalabi, A., & Hardiman, O. (2013). The epidemiology of ALS: a conspiracy of genes, environment and time. Nature Reviews Neurology, 9(11), 617-628. [DOI:10.1038/nrneurol.2013.203] [PMID]
71. Chio, A. (2005). Severely increased risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis among Italian professional football players. Brain, 128(3), 472-476. [DOI:10.1093/brain/awh373] [PMID] [PMCID]
72. Lehman, E. J., Hein, M. J., Baron, S. L., & Gersic, C. M. (2012). Neurodegenerative causes of death among retired National Football League players. Neurology, 79(19), 1970-1974. [DOI:10.1212/WNL.0b013e31826daf50] [PMID] [PMCID]
73. Lu, C., & Xu, X. (2023). The Role of Stress in the Progression of Motor Neuron Disease: Mechanisms and Implications for Treatment. Stress and Brain, 3(4), 159-178. [DOI:10.26599/SAB.2023.9060002]
74. Smith, S. M., & Vale, W. W. (2006). The role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in neuroendocrine responses to stress. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 8(4), 383-395. [DOI:10.31887/DCNS.2006.8.4/ssmith] [PMID]
75. Nicolaides, N. C., Kyratzi, E., Lamprokostopoulou, A., Chrousos, G. P., & Charmandari, E. (2015). Stress, the Stress System and the Role of Glucocorticoids. Neuroimmunomodulation, 22(1-2), 6-19. [DOI:10.1159/000362736] [PMID]
76. Minagawa, K., Yamada, S., Suzuki, A., Ta, S., Kumai, T., Lambein, F., & Kusama-Eguchi, K. (2019). Stress-related over-enhancement of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis causes experimental neurolathyrism in rats. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 72, 103245. [DOI:10.1016/j.etap.2019.103245] [PMID]
77. Dong, H., & Csernansky, J. G. (2009). Effects of Stress and Stress Hormones on Amyloid-β Protein and Plaque Deposition. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 18(2), 459-469. [DOI:10.3233/JAD-2009-1152] [PMID] [PMCID]
78. REGAN, R. F., & GUO, Y. (1998). Toxic Effect of Hemoglobin on Spinal Cord Neurons in Culture. Journal of Neurotrauma, 15(8), 645-653. [DOI:10.1089/neu.1998.15.645] [PMID]
79. Goadsby, P. J. (2018). Migraine and Other Primary Headache Disorders (J. L. Jameson, A. S. Fauci, D. L. Kasper, S. L. Hauser, D. L. Longo, & J. Loscalzo, Eds.). Access Medicine; McGraw-Hill Education.
80. Stubberud, A., Buse, D. C., Kristoffersen, E. S., Linde, M., & Tronvik, E. (2021). Is there a causal relationship between stress and migraine? Current evidence and implications for management. The Journal of Headache and Pain, 22(1). [DOI:10.1186/s10194-021-01369-6] [PMID] [PMCID]
81. Malik, M. (2017, June 16). Correlation of stress with migraine: a review. ResearchGate; Dr. Yashwant Research Labs Pvt. Ltd.
82. Theeler, B. J., Kenney, K., Prokhorenko, O. A., Fideli, U. S., Campbell, W., & Erickson, J. C. (2010). Headache triggers in the US military. Headache, 50(5), 790-794. [DOI:10.1111/j.1526-4610.2009.01571.x] [PMID]
83. Dodick, D. (2009). Review of comorbidities and risk factors for the development of migraine complications (infarct and chronic migraine). Cephalalgia, 29, 7-14. [DOI:10.1111/j.1468-2982.2009.02028.x] [PMID]
84. Hedborg, K., Anderberg, U. M., & Muhr, C. (2011). Stress in migraine: personality-dependent vulnerability, life events, and gender are of significance. Upsala Journal of Medical Sciences, 116(3), 187-199. [DOI:10.3109/03009734.2011.573883] [PMID] [PMCID]
85. Sauro, K. M., & Becker, W. J. (2009). The Stress and Migraine Interaction. Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain, 49(9), 1378-1386. [DOI:10.1111/j.1526-4610.2009.01486.x] [PMID]
86. Domanskyi, A., & Parlato, R. (2022). Oxidative Stress in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Antioxidants, 11(3), 504. [DOI:10.3390/antiox11030504] [PMID] [PMCID]
87. Uttara, B., Singh, A. V., Zamboni, P., & Mahajan, R. T. (2009). Oxidative Stress and Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Review of Upstream and Downstream Antioxidant Therapeutic Options. Current Neuropharmacology, 7(1), 65-74. [DOI:10.2174/157015909787602823] [PMID] [PMCID]
88. Komaki, H., Faraji, N., Komaki, A., Shahidi, S., Etaee, F., Raoufi, S., & Mirzaei, F. (2019). Investigation of protective effects of coenzyme Q10 on impaired synaptic plasticity in a male rat model of Alzheimer's disease. Brain Research Bulletin, 147, 14-21. [DOI:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.01.025] [PMID]
89. Dhami, M., Raj, K., & Singh, S. (2021). Neuroprotective Effect of Fucoxanthin against Intracerebroventricular Streptozotocin (ICV-STZ) Induced Cognitive Impairment in Experimental Rats. Current Alzheimer Research, 18(8), 623-637. [DOI:10.2174/1567205018666211118144602] [PMID]
90. Hira, S., Saleem, U., Anwar, F., Sohail, M. F., Raza, Z., & Ahmad, B. (2019). β-Carotene: A Natural Compound Improves Cognitive Impairment and Oxidative Stress in a Mouse Model of Streptozotocin-Induced Alzheimer's Disease. Biomolecules, 9(9). [DOI:10.3390/biom9090441] [PMID] [PMCID]
91. Cordaro, M., Salinaro, A. T., Siracusa, R., D'Amico, R., Impellizzeri, D., Scuto, M., Ontario, M. L., Cuzzocrea, S., Di Paola, R., Fusco, R., & Calabrese, V. (2021). Key Mechanisms and Potential Implications of Hericium erinaceus in NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation by Reactive Oxygen Species during Alzheimer's Disease. Antioxidants, 10(11), 1664. [DOI:10.3390/antiox10111664] [PMID] [PMCID]
92. Kushairi, N., Phan, C. W., Sabaratnam, V., David, P., & Naidu, M. (2019). Lion's Mane Mushroom, Hericium erinaceus (Bull.: Fr.) Pers. Suppresses H2O2-Induced Oxidative Damage and LPS-Induced Inflammation in HT22 Hippocampal Neurons and BV2 Microglia. Antioxidants, 8(8), 261. [DOI:10.3390/antiox8080261] [PMID] [PMCID]
93. Wang, H., Jiang, T., Li, W., Gao, N., & Zhang, T. (2018). Resveratrol attenuates oxidative damage through activating mitophagy in an in vitro model of Alzheimer's disease. 282, 100-108. [DOI:10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.10.021] [PMID]
94. Khan, M. S., Muhammad, T., Ikram, M., & Kim, M. O. (2019). Dietary Supplementation of the Antioxidant Curcumin Halts Systemic LPS-Induced Neuroinflammation-Associated Neurodegeneration and Memory/Synaptic Impairment via the JNK/NF-κB/Akt Signaling Pathway in Adult Rats. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2019, 1-23. [DOI:10.1155/2019/7860650] [PMID]
95. Frontiñán-Rubio, J., Sancho-Bielsa, F. J., Peinado, J. R., LaFerla, F. M., Giménez-Llort, L., Durán-Prado, M., & Alcaín, F. J. (2018). Sex-dependent co-occurrence of hypoxia and β-amyloid plaques in hippocampus and entorhinal cortex is reversed by long-term treatment with ubiquinol and ascorbic acid in the 3 × Tg-AD mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. 92, 67-81. [DOI:10.1016/j.mcn.2018.06.005] [PMID]
96. Ibrahim Fouad, G. (2020). Combination of Omega 3 and Coenzyme Q10 Exerts Neuroprotective Potential Against Hypercholesterolemia-Induced Alzheimer's-Like Disease in Rats. Neurochemical Research, 45(5), 1142-1155. [DOI:10.1007/s11064-020-02996-2] [PMID]
97. Therapeutics, D. of *Medicine and. (n.d.). Six-month randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. LWW.
98. Moussa, C., Hebron, M., Huang, X., Ahn, J., Rissman, R. A., Aisen, P. S., & Turner, R. S. (2017). Resveratrol regulates neuro-inflammation and induces adaptive immunity in Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Neuroinflammation, 14(1). [DOI:10.1186/s12974-016-0779-0] [PMID] [PMCID]
99. Lloret, A., Esteve, D., Monllor, P., Cervera-Ferri, A., & Lloret, A. (2019). The Effectiveness of Vitamin E Treatment in Alzheimer's Disease. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 20(4), 879. [DOI:10.3390/ijms20040879] [PMID] [PMCID]
100. Dong, Y., Chen, X., Liu, Y., Shu, Y., Chen, T., Xu, L., Li, M., & Guan, X. (2017). Do low-serum vitamin E levels increase the risk of Alzheimer disease in older people? Evidence from a meta-analysis of case-control studies. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 33(2), e257-e263. [DOI:10.1002/gps.4780]
101. Casati, M., Boccardi, V., Ferri, E., Bertagnoli, L., Bastiani, P., Ciccone, S., Mansi, M., Scamosci, M., Rossi, P. D., Mecocci, P., & Arosio, B. (2019). Vitamin E and Alzheimer's disease: the mediating role of cellular aging. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, 32(3), 459-464. [DOI:10.1007/s40520-019-01209-3] [PMID]
102. Kandiah, N., Ong, P. A., Yuda, T., Ng, L.-L., Mamun, K., Merchant, R. A., Chen, C., Dominguez, J., Marasigan, S., Ampil, E., Nguyen, V. T., Yusoff, S., Chan, Y. F., Yong, F. M., Krairit, O., Suthisisang, C., Senanarong, V., Ji, Y., Thukral, R., & Ihl, R. (2019). Treatment of dementia and mild cognitive impairment with or without cerebrovascular disease: Expert consensus on the use of Ginkgo biloba extract, EGb 761®. CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics, 25(2), 288-298. [DOI:10.1111/cns.13095] [PMID] [PMCID]
103. Cowan, C. M., Sealey, M. A., & Mudher, A. (2020). Suppression of tau‐induced phenotypes by vitamin E demonstrates the dissociation of oxidative stress and phosphorylation in mechanisms of tau toxicity. Journal of Neurochemistry, 157(3), 684-694. [DOI:10.1111/jnc.15253] [PMID]
104. Zhou, J., Zhang, S., Zhao, X., & Wei, T. (2008). Melatonin impairs NADPH oxidase assembly and decreases superoxide anion production in microglia exposed to amyloid-β1-42. Journal of Pineal Research, 45(2), 157-165. [DOI:10.1111/j.1600-079X.2008.00570.x] [PMID]
105. Deng, Y., Xu, G., Duan, P., Zhang, Q., & Wang, J. (2005). Effects of melatonin on wortmannin-induced tau hyperphosphorylation. Acta Pharmacologica Sinica, 26(5), 519-526. [DOI:10.1111/j.1745-7254.2005.00102.x] [PMID]
106. Tripathi, S., Kumari, U., & Mitra Mazumder, P. (2020). Ameliorative effects of apple cider vinegar on neurological complications via regulation of oxidative stress markers. Journal of Food Biochemistry, 44(12). [DOI:10.1111/jfbc.13504] [PMID]
107. Burgener, S. C., Buettner, L., Buckwalter, K. C., Beattie, E., Bossen, A. L., Fick, D. M., Fitzsimmons, S., Kolanowski, A., Richeson, N. E., Rose, K., Schreiner, A., Specht, J. K. P., Testad, I., Yu, F., & Mckenzie, S. (2008). Evidence supporting nutritional interventions for persons in early stage Alzheimer's disease (AD). The Journal of Nutrition Health and Aging, 12(1), 18-21. [DOI:10.1007/BF02982159] [PMID] [PMCID]
108. Francesco De Nuccio, Cianciulli, A., Porro, C., Kashyrina, M., Ruggiero, M., Calvello, R., Miraglia, A., Nicolardi, G., Dario Domenico Lofrumento, & Maria Antonietta Panaro. (2021). Inflammatory Response Modulation by Vitamin C in an MPTP Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease. Biology, 10(11), 1155-1155. [DOI:10.3390/biology10111155] [PMID] [PMCID]
109. Zeng, X., Xu, K., Wang, J., Xu, Y., & Qu, S. (2020). Pretreatment of Ascorbic Acid Inhibits MPTP-Induced Astrocytic Oxidative Stress through Suppressing NF-κB Signaling. Neural Plasticity, 2020, 1-14. [DOI:10.1155/2020/8872296] [PMID] [PMCID]
110. Zhang, Q., Yang, C., Liu, T., Liu, L., Li, F., Cai, Y., Lv, K., Li, X., Gao, J., Sun, D., Xu, H., Yang, Q., & Fan, X. (2018). Citalopram restores short-term memory deficit and non-cognitive behaviors in APP/PS1 mice while halting the advance of Alzheimer's disease-like pathology. Neuropharmacology, 131, 475-486. [DOI:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.12.021] [PMID]
111. Wu, W., Han, H., Liu, J., Tang, M., Wu, X., Cao, X., Zhao, T., Lu, Y., Niu, T., Chen, J., & Chen, H. (2021). Fucoxanthin Prevents 6-OHDA-Induced Neurotoxicity by Targeting Keap1. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2021, 1-14. [DOI:10.1155/2021/6688708] [PMID] [PMCID]
112. Pharmacology, 1 Department of (2020) Neuroprotective potential of quercetin in combination with.Neural regeneration research, LWW.
113. Mischley, L. K., Lau, R. C., Shankland, E. G., Wilbur, T. K., & Padowski, J. M. (16 C.E.). Phase IIb Study of Intranasal Glutathione in Parkinson's Disease. Journal of Parkinson's Disease, 7(2), 289-299. [DOI:10.3233/JPD-161040] [PMID] [PMCID]
114. Seet, R. C.-S., Lim, E. C. H., Tan, J. J. H., Quek, A. M. L., Chow, A. W. L., Chong, W.-L., Ng, M. P. E., Ong, C.-N., & Halliwell, B. (2014). Does High-Dose Coenzyme Q10 Improve Oxidative Damage and Clinical Outcomes in Parkinson's Disease? Antioxidants & Redox Signaling, 21(2), 211-217. [DOI:10.1089/ars.2013.5801] [PMID]
115. Khan, F., Kumar Garg, V., Kumar Singh, A., & Tinku, T. (2018). Role of free radicals and certain antioxidants in the management of huntington's disease: a review. Journal of Analytical & Pharmaceutical Research, 7(4). [DOI:10.15406/japlr.2018.07.00256]
116. Petri, S., Körner, S., & Kiaei, M. (2012). Nrf2/ARE Signaling Pathway: Key Mediator in Oxidative Stress and Potential Therapeutic Target in ALS. Neurology Research International, 2012, 1-7. [DOI:10.1155/2012/878030] [PMID] [PMCID]
117. Kumar, P., & Kumar, A. (2010). Protective effect of hesperidin and naringin against 3-nitropropionic acid induced Huntington's like symptoms in rats: Possible role of nitric oxide. Behavioural Brain Research, 206(1), 38-46. [DOI:10.1016/j.bbr.2009.08.028] [PMID]
118. Richetti, S. K., Blank, M., Capiotti, K. M., Piato, A. L., Bogo, M. R., Vianna, M. R., & Bonan, C. D. (2011). Quercetin and rutin prevent scopolamine-induced memory impairment in zebrafish. Behavioural Brain Research, 217(1), 10-15. [DOI:10.1016/j.bbr.2010.09.027] [PMID]
119. Menze, E. T., Tadros, M. G., Abdel-Tawab, A. M., & Khalifa, A. E. (2012). Potential neuroprotective effects of hesperidin on 3-nitropropionic acid-induced neurotoxicity in rats. NeuroToxicology, 33(5), 1265-1275. [DOI:10.1016/j.neuro.2012.07.007] [PMID]
120. Polyzos, A., Holt, A., Brown, C., Cosme, C., Wipf, P., Gomez-Marin, A., Castro, M. R., Ayala-Peña, S., & McMurray, C. T. (2016). Mitochondrial targeting of XJB-5-131 attenuates or improves pathophysiology in HdhQ150 animals with well-developed disease phenotypes. Human Molecular Genetics, 25(9), 1792-1802. [DOI:10.1093/hmg/ddw051] [PMID] [PMCID]
121. Chabrier, P. E., & Auguet, M. (2007). Pharmacological Properties of BN82451: A Novel Multitargeting Neuroprotective Agent. CNS Drug Reviews, 13(3), 317-332. [DOI:10.1111/j.1527-3458.2007.00018.x] [PMID] [PMCID]
122. Beretta, S., Sala, G., Mattavelli, L., Ceresa, C., Casciati, A., Ferri, A., Maria Teresa Carrı̀, & Ferrarese, C. (2003). Mitochondrial dysfunction due to mutant copper/zinc superoxide dismutase associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is reversed by N-acetylcysteine. Neurobiology of Disease, 13(3), 213-221. [DOI:10.1016/S0969-9961(03)00043-3] [PMID]
123. Olufunmilayo, E. O., Gerke-Duncan, M. B., & Holsinger, R. M. D. (2023). Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants in Neurodegenerative Disorders. Antioxidants, 12(2), 517. [DOI:10.3390/antiox12020517] [PMID] [PMCID]
124. Wang, H., O'Reilly, E. J., Weisskopf, M. G., Logroscino, G., McCullough, M. L., Schatzkin, A., Kolonel, L. N., & Ascherio, A. (2011). Vitamin E Intake and Risk of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Pooled Analysis of Data From 5 Prospective Cohort Studies. American Journal of Epidemiology, 173(6), 595-602. [DOI:10.1093/aje/kwq416] [PMID] [PMCID]
125. Freedman, D. M., Kuncl, R. W., Weinstein, S. J., & Albanes, D. (2013). Comment on "intakes of vitamin C and carotenoids and risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Pooled results from 5 cohort studies." Annals of Neurology, n/a-n/a. [DOI:10.1002/ana.23952] [PMID] [PMCID]
126. Noh, K.-M., Hwang, J.-Y., Shin, H.-C., & Koh, J.-Y. (2000). A Novel Neuroprotective Mechanism of Riluzole: Direct Inhibition of Protein Kinase C. Neurobiology of Disease, 7(4), 375-383. [DOI:10.1006/nbdi.2000.0297] [PMID]
127. Desnuelle, C., Dib, M., Garrel, C., & Favier, A. (2001). A double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial of α-tocopherol (vitamin E) in the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Other Motor Neuron Disorders, 2(1), 9-18. [DOI:10.1080/146608201300079364] [PMID]
128. Deng, Y., Xu, Z.-F., Liu, W., Xu, B., Yang, H.-B., & Wei, Y.-G. (2012). Riluzole-Triggered GSH Synthesis via Activation of Glutamate Transporters to Antagonize Methylmercury-Induced Oxidative Stress in Rat Cerebral Cortex. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2012, 534705. [DOI:10.1155/2012/534705] [PMID] [PMCID]
129. Ferroni, P., Barbanti, P., Della-Morte, D., Palmirotta, R., Jirillo, E., & Guadagni, F. (2018). Redox Mechanisms in Migraine: Novel Therapeutics and Dietary Interventions. Antioxidants & Redox Signaling, 28(12), 1144-1183. [DOI:10.1089/ars.2017.7260] [PMID]
130. Baiano, A., & Del Nobile, M. A. (2015). Antioxidant Compounds from Vegetable Matrices: Biosynthesis, Occurrence, and Extraction Systems. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 56(12), 2053-2068. [DOI:10.1080/10408398.2013.812059] [PMID]
131. Chiaiese, P., Corrado, G., Minutolo, M., Barone, A., & Errico, A. (2019). Transcriptional Regulation of Ascorbic Acid During Fruit Ripening in Pepper (Capsicum annuum) Varieties with Low and High Antioxidants Content. Plants, 8(7), 206. [DOI:10.3390/plants8070206] [PMID] [PMCID]
132. Xu, D.-P., Li, Y., Meng, X., Zhou, T., Zhou, Y., Zheng, J., Zhang, J.-J., & Li, H.-B. (2017). Natural Antioxidants in Foods and Medicinal Plants: Extraction, Assessment and Resources. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 18(1), 96. [DOI:10.3390/ijms18010096] [PMID] [PMCID]
133. Schepetkin, I. A., Ramstead, A. G., Kirpotina, L. N., Voyich, J. M., Jutila, M. A., & Quinn, M. T. (2016). Therapeutic Potential of Polyphenols fromEpilobium Angustifolium(Fireweed). Phytotherapy Research, 30(8), 1287-1297. [DOI:10.1002/ptr.5648] [PMID] [PMCID]
134. D'Onofrio, F., Raimo, S., Spitaleri, D., Casucci, G., & Bussone, G. (2017). Usefulness of nutraceuticals in migraine prophylaxis. Neurological Sciences, 38(S1), 117-120. [DOI:10.1007/s10072-017-2901-1] [PMID]
135. Goschorska, Gutowska, Baranowska-Bosiacka, Barczak, & Chlubek. (2020). The Use of Antioxidants in the Treatment of Migraine. Antioxidants, 9(2), 116. [DOI:10.3390/antiox9020116] [PMID] [PMCID]
136. Shaik, M. M., & Gan, S. H. (2015). Vitamin Supplementation as Possible Prophylactic Treatment against Migraine with Aura and Menstrual Migraine. BioMed Research International, 2015. [DOI:10.1155/2015/469529] [PMID] [PMCID]
137. Kim, M. S., Kim, D. J., Na, C. H., & Shin, B. S. (2016). A Study of Intravenous Administration of Vitamin C in the Treatment of Acute Herpetic Pain and Postherpetic Neuralgia. Annals of Dermatology, 28(6), 677-683. [DOI:10.5021/ad.2016.28.6.677] [PMID] [PMCID]
138. Chayasirisobhon, S. (2006). Use of a Pine Bark Extract and Antioxidant Vitamin Combination Product as Therapy for Migraine in Patients Refractory to Pharmacologic Medication. Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain, 46(5), 788-793. [DOI:10.1111/j.1526-4610.2006.00454.x] [PMID]
139. Chayasirisobhon S. (2024). Efficacy of Pinus radiata bark extract and vitamin C combination product as a prophylactic therapy for recalcitrant migraine and long-term results. Acta Neurologica Taiwanica, 22(1).
140. Pulido-Moran, M., Moreno-Fernandez, J., Ramirez-Tortosa, C., & Ramirez-Tortosa, Mc. (2016). Curcumin and Health. Molecules, 21(3), 264. [DOI:10.3390/molecules21030264] [PMID] [PMCID]
141. Bulboacă, A. E., Bolboacă, S. D., Stanescu, I. C., Sfrângeu, C. A., Porfire, A., Tefas, L., & Bulboacă, A. C. (2018). The effect of intravenous administration of liposomal curcumin in addition to sumatriptan treatment in an experimental migraine model in rats. International Journal of Nanomedicine, Volume 13, 3093-3103. [DOI:10.2147/IJN.S162087] [PMID] [PMCID]
142. Bulboacă, A. E., Bolboacă, S. D., Bulboacă, A. C., Porfire, A. S., Tefas, L. R., Suciu, Ș. M., Dogaru, G., & Stănescu, I. C. (2019). Liposomal Curcumin Enhances the Effect of Naproxen in a Rat Model of Migraine. Medical Science Monitor, 25, 5087-5097. [DOI:10.12659/MSM.915607] [PMID] [PMCID]
143. Abdolahi, M., Tafakhori, A., Togha, M., Okhovat, A. A., Siassi, F., Eshraghian, M. R., Sedighiyan, M., Djalali, M., Mohammadzadeh Honarvar, N., & Djalali, M. (2017). The synergistic effects of ω-3 fatty acids and nano-curcumin supplementation on tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α gene expression and serum level in migraine patients. Immunogenetics, 69(6), 371-378. [DOI:10.1007/s00251-017-0992-8] [PMID]
144. Parohan, M., Sarraf, P., Javanbakht, M. H., Foroushani, A. R., Ranji-Burachaloo, S., & Djalali, M. (2019). The synergistic effects of nano-curcumin and coenzyme Q10 supplementation in migraine prophylaxis: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. Nutritional Neuroscience, 1-10. [DOI:10.1080/1028415X.2019.1627770] [PMID]
145. Rajapakse, T., & Pringsheim, T. (2016). Nutraceuticals in Migraine: A Summary of Existing Guidelines for Use. Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain, 56(4), 808-816. [DOI:10.1111/head.12789] [PMID]
146. Sawaddiruk, P., Apaijai, N., Paiboonworachat, S., Kaewchur, T., Kasitanon, N., Jaiwongkam, T., Kerdphoo, S., Chattipakorn, N., & Chattipakorn, S. C. (2019). Coenzyme Q10 supplementation alleviates pain in pregabalin-treated fibromyalgia patients via reducing brain activity and mitochondrial dysfunction. Free Radical Research, 53(8), 901-909. [DOI:10.1080/10715762.2019.1645955] [PMID]
147. Salmon, P. (2001). Effects of physical exercise on anxiety, depression, and sensitivity to stress: A unifying theory. Clinical Psychology Review, 21(1), 33-61. [DOI:10.1016/S0272-7358(99)00032-X] [PMID]
148. Wang, C., Bannuru, R., Ramel, J., Kupelnick, B., Scott, T., & Schmid, C. H. (2010). Tai Chi on psychological well-being: Systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 10(23). [DOI:10.1186/1472-6882-10-23] [PMID]
149. Zaccaro, A., Piarulli, A., Laurino, M., Garbella, E., Menicucci, D., Neri, B., & Gemignani, A. (2018). How breath-control can change your life: A systematic review on psycho-physiological correlates of slow breathing. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 12(353). [DOI:10.3389/fnhum.2018.00353] [PMID]
150. Bishop, S. R., Lau, M., Shapiro, S., Carlson, L., Anderson, N. D., Carmody, J., Segal, Z. V., Abbey, S., Speca, M., Velting, D., & Devins, G. (2004). Mindfulness: A proposed operational definition. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11(3), 230-241. [DOI:10.1093/clipsy.bph077]
151. Fam, J., Sun, Y., Qi, P., Lau, R. C., Feng, L., Kua, E. H., & Mahendran, R. (2020). Mindfulness practice alters brain connectivity in community-living elders with mild cognitive impairment. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 74(4), 257-262. [DOI:10.1111/pcn.12972] [PMID]
152. Wu, C., & Feng, Y. (2023). Exploring the potential of mindfulness-based therapy in the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases based on molecular mechanism studies. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 17, Article 1097067. [DOI:10.3389/fnins.2023.1097067] [PMID] [PMCID]
153. Tang, Y. Y., Hölzel, B. K., & Posner, M. I. (2015). The neuroscience of mindfulness meditation. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 16(4), 213-225. [DOI:10.1038/nrn3916] [PMID] [PMCID]
154. Goyal, M., Singh, S., Sibinga, E. M., Gould, N. F., Rowland-Seymour, A., Sharma, R., Berger, Z., Sleicher, D., Maron, D. D., Shihab, H. M., Ranasinghe, P. D., Linn, S., Saha, S., Bass, E. B., & Haythornthwaite, J. A. (2014). Meditation programs for psychological stress and well-being: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Internal Medicine, 174(3), 357-368. [DOI:10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.13018] [PMID]
155. Livingston, G., Huntley, J., Sommerlad, A., Ames, D., Ballard, C., Banerjee, S., et al. (2020). Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 report of the lancet commission. The Lancet, 396(10248), 413-446. [DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30367-6] [PMID]
156. Buric, I., Farias, M., Jong, J., Mee, C., & Brazil, I. A. (2017). What is the molecular signature of mind-body interventions? A systematic review of gene expression changes induced by meditation and related practices. Frontiers in Immunology, 8, 670. [DOI:10.3389/fimmu.2017.00670] [PMID] [PMCID]
157. Boutrup, R. J., Jørgensen, M. M., Gregersen, N., Frost, L., Aagaard, H., Djernis, D., et al. (2019). Psykologiske, neurologiske og cellulære virkningsmekanismer ved mindfulnesstræning, vol. 4
158. Álvarez-López, M. J., Conklin, Q. A., Cosín-Tomás, M., Shields, G. S., King, B. G., & Zanesco, A. P. (2022). Changes in the expression of inflammatory and epigenetic-modulatory genes after an intensive meditation retreat. Comprehensive Psychoneuroendocrinology, 11, 100152. [DOI:10.1016/j.cpnec.2022.100152] [PMID] [PMCID]
159. Bower, J. E., Crosswell, A. D., Stanton, A. L., Crespi, C. M., Winston, D., Arevalo, J., et al. (2015). Mindfulness meditation for younger breast cancer survivors: A randomized controlled trial. Cancer, 121(8), 1231-1240. [DOI:10.1002/cncr.29194] [PMID] [PMCID]
160. Jakaria, M., Haque, M. E., Cho, D.-Y., Azam, S., Kim, I.-S., & Choi, D.-K. (2019). Molecular insights into NR4A2 (Nurr1): An emerging target for neuroprotective therapy against neuroinflammation and neuronal cell death. Molecular Neurobiology, 56(8), 5799-5814. [DOI:10.1007/s12035-019-1487-4] [PMID]
161. Moon, M., Jung, E. S., Jeon, S. G., Cha, M.-Y., Jang, Y., Kim, W., et al. (2019). Nurr1 (NR4A2) regulates Alzheimer's disease-related pathogenesis and cognitive function in the 5XFAD mouse model. Aging Cell, 18(1), e12866. [DOI:10.1111/acel.12866] [PMID] [PMCID]
162. Hernandez-Segura, A., Nehme, J., & Demaria, M. (2018). Hallmarks of cellular senescence. Trends in Cell Biology, 28(6), 436 [DOI:10.1016/j.tcb.2018.02.001] [PMID]
163. Guo, Y., & Yu, H. (2019). Leukocyte telomere length shortening and Alzheimer's disease etiology. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 69(4), 881-885. [DOI:10.3233/JAD-190134] [PMID]
164. (Blackburn, E. H., Epel, E. S., & Lin, J. (2015). Human telomere biology: A contributory and interactive factor in aging, disease risks, and protection. Science, 350(6265), 1193-1198. [DOI:10.1126/science.aab3389] [PMID] [PMCID]
165. Epel, E. S., Puterman, E., Lin, J., Blackburn, E. H., Lum, P. Y., Beckmann, N. D., et al. (2016). Meditation and vacation effects have an impact on disease-associated molecular phenotypes. Translational Psychiatry, 6(6), e880. [DOI:10.1038/tp.2016.164] [PMID] [PMCID]
166. Lin, Y., Lu, L., Zhou, M., Liu, H., Ye, P., Zhang, W., et al. (2021). Association of CLU gene polymorphism with Parkinson's disease in the Chinese Han population. Journal of Gene Medicine, 23, e3302. [DOI:10.1002/jgm.3302] [PMID]
167. Maturana-Candelas, A., Gómez, C., Poza, J., Rodríguez-González, V., Pablo, V. G., Lopes, A. M., et al. (2021). Influence of PICALM and CLU risk variants on beta EEG activity in Alzheimer's disease patients. Scientific Reports, 11, 20465. [DOI:10.1038/s41598-021-99589-y] [PMID] [PMCID]
168. Mendioroz, M., Puebla-Guedea, M., Montero-Marín, J., Urdánoz-Casado, A., Blanco-Luquin, I., Roldán, M., et al. (2020). Telomere length correlates with subtelomeric DNA methylation in long-term mindfulness practitioners. Scientific Reports, 10, 4564. [DOI:10.1038/s41598-020-61241-6] [PMID] [PMCID]
169. Huang, X.-Y., Eungpinichpong, W., Silsirivanit, A., Nakmareong, S., & Wu, X.-H. (2014). Tai chi improves oxidative stress response and DNA damage/repair in young sedentary females. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 26(6), 825-829. [DOI:10.1589/jpts.26.825] [PMID] [PMCID]
170. Kumar, A., Singh, A., & Ekavali. (2015). A review on Alzheimer's disease pathophysiology and its management: An update. Pharmacological Reports, 67(2), 195-203. [DOI:10.1016/j.pharep.2014.09.004] [PMID]
171. Wetherell, J. L., Hershey, T., Hickman, S., Tate, S. R., Dixon, D., Bower, E. S., et al. (2017). Mindfulness-based stress reduction for older adults with stress disorders and neurocognitive difficulties: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 78(7), e734-e743. [DOI:10.4088/JCP.16m10947] [PMID]
172. Collin, F. (2019). Chemical basis of reactive oxygen species reactivity and involvement in neurodegenerative diseases. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 20(24), 2407. [DOI:10.3390/ijms20102407] [PMID] [PMCID]
173. Yeung, A. W. K., Tzvetkov, N. T., Georgieva, M. G., Ognyanov, I. V., Kordos, K., & Jóźwik, A. (2021). Reactive oxygen species and their impact in neurodegenerative diseases: Literature landscape analysis. Antioxidants & Redox Signaling, 34(5), 402-420. [DOI:10.1089/ars.2019.7952] [PMID]
174. Hwang, J.-Y., Aromolaran, K. A., & Zukin, R. S. (2017). The emerging field of epigenetics in neurodegeneration and neuroprotection. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 18(6), 347-361. [DOI:10.1038/nrn.2017.46] [PMID] [PMCID]
175. García-Campayo, J., Puebla-Guedea, M., Labarga, A., Urdánoz, A., Roldán, M., Pulido, L., et al. (2018). Epigenetic response to mindfulness in peripheral blood leukocytes involves genes linked to common human diseases. Mindfulness, 9(4), 1146-1159. [DOI:10.1007/s12671-017-0851-6]
176. Català-Solsona, J., Miñano-Molina, A. J., & Rodríguez-Álvarez, J. (2021). Nr4a2 Transcription Factor in Hippocampal Synaptic Plasticity, Memory and Cognitive Dysfunction: A Perspective Review. Frontiers in molecular neuroscience, 14, 786226. [DOI:10.3389/fnmol.2021.786226] [PMID] [PMCID]
177. Blair, L. J., Nordhues, B. A., Hill, S. E., Scaglione, K. M., O'Leary, J. C., Fontaine, S. N., et al. (2013). Accelerated neurodegeneration through chaperone-mediated oligomerization of tau. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 123(10), 4158-4169. [DOI:10.1172/JCI69003] [PMID] [PMCID]
178. van der Heide, A., Meinders, M. J., Speckens, A. E. M., Peerbolte, T. F., Bloem, B. R., & Helmich, R. C. (2021). Stress and mindfulness in Parkinson's disease: Clinical effects and potential underlying mechanisms. Movement Disorders, 36(1), 64-70. [DOI:10.1002/mds.28345] [PMID] [PMCID]
179. Ratti, A., Gumina, V., Lenzi, P., Bossolasco, P., Fulceri, F., & Volpe, C. (2020). Chronic stress induces formation of stress granules and pathological TDP-43 aggregates in human ALS fibroblasts and iPSC-motoneurons. Neurobiology of Disease, 145, 105051. [DOI:10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105051] [PMID]
180. Frodl, T., & O'Keane, V. (2013). How does the brain deal with cumulative stress? A review with focus on developmental stress, HPA axis function, and hippocampal structure in humans. Neurobiology of Disease, 52, 24-37. [DOI:10.1016/j.nbd.2012.03.012] [PMID]
181. Brureau, A., Zussy, C., Delair, B., Ogier, C., Ixart, G., Maurice, T., et al. (2013). Deregulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis functions in an Alzheimer's disease rat model. Neurobiology of Aging, 34(6), 1426-1439. [DOI:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2012.11.015] [PMID]
182. Vyas, S., & Maatouk, L. (2013). Contribution of glucocorticoids and glucocorticoid receptors to the regulation of neurodegenerative processes. CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets, 12(9), 1175-1193. [DOI:10.2174/187152731131200125]
183. Notarianni, E. (2013). Hypercortisolemia and glucocorticoid receptor-signaling insufficiency in Alzheimer's disease initiation and development. Current Alzheimer Research, 10(7), 714-731. [DOI:10.2174/15672050113109990137] [PMID]
184. Milligan Armstrong, A., Porter, T., Quek, H., White, A., Haynes, J., & Jackaman, C. (2021). Chronic stress and Alzheimer's disease: The interplay between the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, genetics, and microglia. Biological Reviews, 96(4), 2209-2228. [DOI:10.1111/brv.12750] [PMID]
185. Khalsa, D. S. (2015). Stress, meditation, and Alzheimer's disease prevention: Where the evidence stands. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 48(1), 1-12. [DOI:10.3233/JAD-142766] [PMID]
186. Athanasiou, N., Bogdanis, G. C., & Mastorakos, G. (2023). Endocrine responses of the stress system to different types of exercise. Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders, 24, 251-266. [DOI:10.1007/s11154-022-09758-1] [PMID] [PMCID]
187. Heijnen, S., Hommel, B., Kibele, A., & Colzato, L. S. (2016). Neuromodulation of aerobic exercise-A review. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 1890. [DOI:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01890] [PMID] [PMCID]
188. Jefri, M., Bell, S., Peng, H., Hettige, N., Maussion, G., Soubannier, V., Wu, H., Silveira, H., Theroux, J. F., Moquin, L., Zhang, X., Aouabed, Z., Krishnan, J., O'Leary, L. A., Antonyan, L., Zhang, Y., McCarty, V., Mechawar, N., Gratton, A., Schuppert, A., … Ernst, C. (2020). Stimulation of L-type calcium channels increases tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine in ventral midbrain cells induced from somatic cells. Stem cells translational medicine, 9(6), 697-712. [DOI:10.1002/sctm.18-0180] [PMID] [PMCID]
189. Tillage, R. P., Wilson, G. E., Liles, L. C., Holmes, P. V., & Weinshenker, D. (2020). Chronic Environmental or Genetic Elevation of Galanin in Noradrenergic Neurons Confers Stress Resilience in Mice. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 40(39), 7464-7474. [DOI:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0973-20.2020] [PMID] [PMCID]
190. Zimmer, P., Stritt, C., Bloch, W., et al. (2016). The effects of different aerobic exercise intensities on serum serotonin concentrations and their association with Stroop task performance: A randomized controlled trial. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 116(11-12), 2025-2034. [DOI:10.1007/s00421-016-3456-1] [PMID]
191. Lin, T. W., Shih, Y. H., Chen, S. J., Lien, C. H., Chang, C. Y., Huang, T. Y., Chen, S. H., Jen, C. J., & Kuo, Y. M. (2015). Running exercise delays neurodegeneration in the amygdala and hippocampus of Alzheimer's disease (APP/PS1) transgenic mice. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 118, 189-197. [DOI:10.1016/j.nlm.2014.12.005] [PMID]
192. von Bohlen Und Halbach, O., & von Bohlen Und Halbach, V. (2018). BDNF effects on dendritic spine morphology and hippocampal function. Cell and Tissue Research, 373(3), 729-741. [DOI:10.1007/s00441-017-2782-x] [PMID]
193. Fahimi, A., Baktir, M. A., Moghadam, S., Mojabi, F. S., Sumanth, K., McNerney, M. W., Ponnusamy, R., & Salehi, A. (2017). Physical exercise induces structural alterations in the hippocampal astrocytes: Exploring the role of BDNF-TrkB signaling. Brain Structure and Function, 222(4), 1797-1808. [DOI:10.1007/s00429-016-1308-8] [PMID]
194. Zsuga, J., Tajti, G., Papp, C., Juhasz, B., & Gesztelyi, R. (2016). FNDC5/irisin: A molecular target for boosting reward-related learning and motivation. Medical Hypotheses, 90, 23-28. [DOI:10.1016/j.mehy.2016.02.020] [PMID]
195. Park, H. S., Park, S. S., Kim, C. J., Shin, M. S., & Kim, T. W. (2019). Exercise alleviates cognitive functions by enhancing hippocampal insulin signaling and neuroplasticity in high-fat diet-induced obesity. Nutrients, 11(7), 1603. [DOI:10.3390/nu11071603] [PMID] [PMCID]
196. Dodd, G. T., & Tiganis, T. (2017). Insulin action in the brain: Roles in energy and glucose homeostasis. Journal of Neuroendocrinology, 29, e12513. [DOI:10.1111/jne.12513] [PMID]
197. Rege, S. D., et al. (2018). Neuroprotective effects of resveratrol: Role of PI3K/Akt and ERK signaling pathways. Neurobiology of Aging, 66, 69-79.
198. Lockshin, E. R., & Calakos, N. (2024). The integrated stress response in brain diseases: A double-edged sword for proteostasis and synapses. Current opinion in neurobiology, 87, 102886. [DOI:10.1016/j.conb.2024.102886] [PMID] [PMCID]
199. Pakos-Zebrucka, K., et al. (2016). The integrated stress response. EMBO Reports, 17(10), 1374-1395. [DOI:10.15252/embr.201642195] [PMID]
200. Hicks, D., Giresh, K., Wrischnik, L. A., & Weiser, D. C. (2023). The PPP1R15 family of eIF2-alpha phosphatase targeting subunits (GADD34 and CReP). International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(17), 17321. [DOI:10.3390/ijms242417321] [PMID] [PMCID]
201. Jiménez-Díaz, A., Remacha, M., Ballesta, J. P., & Berlanga, J. J. (2013). Phosphorylation of initiation factor eIF2 in response to stress conditions is mediated by acidic ribosomal P1/P2 proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PloS one, 8(12), e84219. [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0084219] [PMID] [PMCID]
202. Giridharan, S., & Srinivasan, M. (2018). Mechanisms of NF-κB p65 and strategies for therapeutic manipulation. Journal of Inflammation Research, 11, 407-419. [DOI:10.2147/JIR.S140188] [PMID]
203. Corti, O., Blomgren, K., Poletti, A., & Beart, P. M. (2020). Autophagy in neurodegeneration: New insights underpinning therapy for neurological diseases. Journal of Neurochemistry, 154(4), 354-371. [DOI:10.1111/jnc.15002] [PMID]
204. Aber, E. R., Griffey, C. J., Davies, T., Li, A. M., Yang, Y. J., Croce, K. R., Goldman, J. E., Grutzendler, J., Canman, J. C., & Yamamoto, A. (2022). Oligodendroglial macroautophagy is essential for myelin sheath turnover to prevent neurodegeneration and death. Cell Reports, 41(3), 111480. [DOI:10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111480] [PMID] [PMCID]
205. Yi, J., & Luo, J. (2010). SIRT1 and p53, effect on cancer, senescence and beyond. Biochimica et biophysica acta, 1804(8), 1684-1689. [DOI:10.1016/j.bbapap.2010.05.002] [PMID] [PMCID]
206. Qazi, T. J., Lu, J., Duru, L., Zhao, J., & Qing, H. (2021). Upregulation of miR-132 induces dopaminergic neuronal death via activating SIRT1/P53 pathway. Neuroscience Letters, 740, 135465. [DOI:10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135465] [PMID]
207. Bathina, S., & Das, U. N. (2015). Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and its clinical implications. Archives of Medical Science, 11(6), 1164-1178. [DOI:10.5114/aoms.2015.56342] [PMID] [PMCID]
208. Jeong, H., Cohen, D. E., Cui, L., et al. (2011). Sirt1 mediates neuroprotection from mutant huntingtin by activation of the TORC1 and CREB transcriptional pathway. Nature Medicine, 18(1), 159-165. [DOI:10.1038/nm.2559] [PMID] [PMCID]
209. Gomes, B. A., Silva, J. P., Romeiro, C. F., et al. (2018). Neuroprotective mechanisms of resveratrol in Alzheimer's disease: Role of SIRT1. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2018, 8152373. [DOI:10.1155/2018/8152373] [PMID] [PMCID]
210. Paul, B. D., Snyder, S. H., & Bohr, V. A. (2021). Signaling by cGAS-STING in Neurodegeneration, Neuroinflammation, and Aging. Trends in neurosciences, 44(2), 83-96. [DOI:10.1016/j.tins.2020.10.008] [PMID] [PMCID]
211. Motwani, M., Pesiridis, S., & Fitzgerald, K. A. (2019). DNA sensing by the cGAS-STING pathway in health and disease. Nature Reviews Genetics, 20(11), 657-674. [DOI:10.1038/s41576-019-0151-1] [PMID] [PMCID]
212. Chin, A. C. (2019). Neuroinflammation and the cGAS-STING pathway. Journal of Neurophysiology, 121(4), 1087-1091. [DOI:10.1152/jn.00848.2018] [PMID]
213. Li, Q., et al. (2021). Therapeutic development by targeting the cGAS-STING pathway in autoimmune disease and cancer. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 12, 779425. [DOI:10.3389/fphar.2021.779425] [PMID] [PMCID]
214. Tian, X., et al. (2022). Medicinal chemistry perspective on cGAS-STING signaling pathway with small molecule inhibitors. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 244, 114791. [DOI:10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114791] [PMID]
215. Chu, L., et al. (2021). Perillaldehyde inhibition of cGAS reduces dsDNA-induced interferon response. Frontiers in Immunology, 12, 655637. [DOI:10.3389/fimmu.2021.655637] [PMID] [PMCID]
216. Valentin, R., et al. (2021). Sequence-dependent inhibition of cGAS and TLR9 DNA sensing by 2′-O-methyl gapmer oligonucleotides. Nucleic Acids Research, 49(11), 6082-6099. [DOI:10.1093/nar/gkab451] [PMID] [PMCID]
217. Ding, C., et al. (2020). Small molecules targeting the innate immune cGAS-STING-TBK1 signaling pathway. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B, 10(12), 2272-2298. [DOI:10.1016/j.apsb.2020.03.001] [PMID] [PMCID]
218. Vincent, J., et al. (2017). Small molecule inhibition of cGAS reduces interferon expression in primary macrophages from autoimmune mice. Nature Communications, 8(1), 750. [DOI:10.1038/s41467-017-00833-9] [PMID]
219. Hall, J., et al. (2017). Discovery of PF-06928215 as a high-affinity inhibitor of cGAS enabled by a novel fluorescence polarization assay. PLoS ONE, 12(9), e0184843. [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0184843] [PMID] [PMCID]
220. Lama, L., et al. (2019). Development of human cGAS-specific small-molecule inhibitors for repression of dsDNA-triggered interferon expression. Nature Communications, 10(1), 2261. [DOI:10.1038/s41467-019-08620-4] [PMID] [PMCID]
221. An, J., et al. (2017). Antimalarial drugs as immune modulators: New mechanisms for old drugs. Annual Review of Medicine, 68, 317-330. [DOI:10.1146/annurev-med-043015-123453] [PMID]
222. Wang, M., et al. (2018). Suramin potently inhibits cGAMP synthase, cGAS, in THP1 cells to modulate IFN-β levels. Future Medicinal Chemistry, 10(11), 1301-1317. [DOI:10.4155/fmc-2017-0322] [PMID]
223. Padilla-Salinas, R., et al. (2020). Discovery of small-molecule cyclic GMP-AMP synthase inhibitors. Journal of Organic Chemistry, 85(3), 1579-1600. [DOI:10.1021/acs.joc.9b02666] [PMID]
224. Liu, Z. S., et al. (2019). G3BP1 promotes DNA binding and activation of cGAS. Nature Immunology, 20(1), 18-28. [DOI:10.1038/s41590-018-0262-4] [PMID] [PMCID]
225. Dai, J., et al. (2019). Acetylation blocks cGAS activity and inhibits self-DNA-induced autoimmunity. Cell, 176(6), 1447-1460.e14. [DOI:10.1016/j.cell.2019.01.016] [PMID] [PMCID]
226. Huang, Y., Liu, B., Sinha, S. C., Amin, S., & Gan, L. (2023). Mechanism and therapeutic potential of targeting cGAS-STING signaling in neurological disorders. Molecular neurodegeneration, 18(1), 79. [DOI:10.1186/s13024-023-00672-x] [PMID] [PMCID]

Send email to the article author


Rights and permissions
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

© 2026 CC BY-NC 4.0 | Neuroscience Updates